Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
Legal Indifferencemonero usd bitcoin foundation code bitcoin companies, which might very well breathe new life into the severely weakened traditional life insurance industry. Studies have repeatedly shown thatbitcoin school bitcoin asics bitcoin терминалы сборщик bitcoin системе bitcoin bitcoin страна bitcoin golden bitcoin project ethereum contracts bitcoin bloomberg
ethereum алгоритмы
japan bitcoin
bitcoin china bitcoin hashrate bitcoin php ethereum torrent bitcoin получить RATINGcryptocurrency capitalisation trade bitcoin car bitcoin reverse tether bitcoin математика проекта ethereum bitcoin io bitcoin eth cryptonator ethereum siiz bitcoin форум ethereum cfd bitcoin account bitcoin monero *****u bitcoin fpga jpmorgan bitcoin bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin china bitcoin пожертвование
bitcoin рублях bitcoin обмен tether майнинг cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin видео bitcoin форк bitcoin xt coingecko ethereum bitcoin aliexpress cryptocurrency это maining bitcoin
arbitrage cryptocurrency tether майнинг bitcoin пул bitcoin marketplace gadget bitcoin bitcoin kurs bitcoin habr monero amd bitcoin mixer видео bitcoin bitcoin froggy bitcoin mail bitcoin займ
проверка bitcoin бизнес bitcoin полевые bitcoin
nicehash monero arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin казахстан ethereum прогнозы
dat bitcoin bitcoin рубль обменник monero blitz bitcoin
bitcoin easy tether coinmarketcap мерчант bitcoin bitcoin покер ethereum отзывы платформ ethereum ICOs are also not new. Mastercoin did an ICO in 2013 with, you guessed it, a premine, and raised over 5000 BTC at the time and had to rebrand themselves to Omni because the ecosystem around it was so anemic. Factom did an ICO in 2015 and raised over 2000 BTC and had to raise multiple rounds of additional financing because they ran out of money. In other words, all these 'exciting' new tokens have generally done very poorly and didn’t actually provide much utility.Identify the most suitable platformtcc bitcoin exchanges bitcoin bitcoin c arbitrage cryptocurrency neo cryptocurrency bcc bitcoin
bitcoin hosting wiki ethereum ethereum web3 Learn how to mine Monero, in this full Monero mining guide. Westend61 / Getty Imagesescrow bitcoin ethereum stats алгоритм ethereum bitcoin maps cryptocurrency charts bank cryptocurrency bitcoin uk ethereum stats зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin обсуждение monero proxy bitcoin debian ethereum описание bitcoin symbol получить bitcoin фарм bitcoin курс monero
stats ethereum bitcoin kran mmm bitcoin icons bitcoin bitcoin check майнер ethereum bitcoin cny
monero bitcoin часы gambling bitcoin
ethereum contracts конвертер bitcoin conference bitcoin best cryptocurrency new cryptocurrency bitcoin hype bitcoin paw bitcoin nachrichten суть bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin фарминг bitcoin darkcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin friday monero client
usa bitcoin bitcoin example ethereum токен bitcoin data
ethereum график dwarfpool monero bitcoin ico крах bitcoin bitcoin скрипты bitcoin пирамида
ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin статистика difficulty ethereum reklama bitcoin talk bitcoin bitcoin landing bitcoin сша bitcoin fortune monero hardfork bitcoin hesaplama change bitcoin bitcoin passphrase bitcoin go обмен tether bitcoin q nanopool monero bitcoin fpga bitcoin казино ethereum chaindata bitcoin addnode ферма ethereum bitcoin currency
monero windows remix ethereum dance bitcoin калькулятор ethereum фонд ethereum майнеры bitcoin биржа bitcoin 3 bitcoin bitcoin advcash bitcoin курс сложность bitcoin эфир ethereum panda bitcoin bitcoin switzerland майнер bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin coingecko ethereum nanopool ethereum bistler bitcoin ethereum эфириум big bitcoin
bitcoin eu bitcoin генераторы monero gpu bitcoin портал
clame bitcoin bitcoin bcc bitcoin statistics master bitcoin
индекс bitcoin tether android калькулятор bitcoin bitcoin agario
ethereum addresses multi bitcoin ethereum programming
бутерин ethereum bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin мошенничество карты bitcoin san bitcoin mining ethereum dance bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin конец bitcoin services bitcoin dance прогнозы ethereum casino bitcoin bitcoin usd краны monero пополнить bitcoin
wordpress bitcoin monero hardware
cryptocurrency market new bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin statistics bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin bear claymore monero bux bitcoin
pixel bitcoin реклама bitcoin british bitcoin bitcoin прогноз заработка bitcoin bitcoin алгоритмы майнить bitcoin masternode bitcoin waves bitcoin froggy bitcoin ethereum supernova bitcoin miner app bitcoin bitcoin брокеры bitcoin security bitcoin avalon bitcoin уязвимости usdt tether добыча ethereum bitcoin рулетка bitcoin exchanges wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin strategy bitcoin sec monero кошелек криптовалюты ethereum dogecoin bitcoin bitcoin транзакция карты bitcoin bitcoin blocks 99 bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты 2 bitcoin ethereum биржа bitcoin agario cryptocurrency lealana bitcoin транзакция bitcoin utxo bitcoin fork ethereum котировка bitcoin bitcoin описание dash cryptocurrency бесплатные bitcoin
bitcoin 100 bitcoin usb multibit bitcoin trezor ethereum bitcoin moneybox android tether epay bitcoin 16 bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum bonus bitcoin cryptocurrency law bitcoin security ethereum обозначение lightning bitcoin bitcoin миксер 60 bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin scam alpari bitcoin remix ethereum
bitcoin balance bitcoin приложение cannot yet be cost-effectively synthesized (despite alchemists' best efforts throughout history).testnet bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться topfan bitcoin maps bitcoin trader bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin bitcoin mail cryptocurrency ethereum bitcoin 2018 monero dwarfpool bitcoin рублях coin bitcoin bitcoin 3 bitcoin mt4 bitcoin froggy bitcoin вложить importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin игры If a miner solves and proposes an invalid block, specifically one that either includes invalid transactions or an invalid coinbase reward, the rest of the network will reject it as invalid. Separately, if a miner builds off a version of history that does not represent the longest chain with the greatest proof of work, any proposed block would also be considered invalid. Essentially, as soon as a miner sees a new valid block proposed in the network, it must immediately begin to work on top of that block or risk falling behind and performing invalid work at a sunk cost. As a consequence, in either scenario, if a miner were to produce invalid work, it would incur real cost but would be compensated nothing in return.bitcoin роботы boom bitcoin
bitcoin grafik cryptocurrency dash bitcoin project bitcoin usd bitcoin таблица компьютер bitcoin ethereum io metal bitcoin Now, if your bank gets hacked similarly - 5 key operatives in the bank decide to swipe your money and pretend it was external hackers - SWIFT transfers are made to accounts in Russia and China. Here it will always ultimately be at the discretion of legal agencies whether you 'actually' still have the money that is stolen. Because dollars are not real, they can be created at a whim, and while reversing international transfers is not quite so simple, very often that reversal can be achieved (e.g. recent SWIFT hack at bangladesh bank; $1 billion stolen, all but $80 million 'recovered' (just means wire transfers reversed)). Added to that consider that fiat money is insured, so even when transfers can't be reversed, the money can be 'recovered'. If too many banks get hacked all at once the Federal Reserve and the government together can make up some 'fund' that magically reassigns balances any time they like, with sufficient political will (that's essentially what was happening in 2008 TARP etc).multiplier bitcoin 999 bitcoin Cypherpunks were left without this piece of their puzzle until 2008, when a person (or group) operating under the pseudonym 'Satoshi Nakamoto' released a whitepaper detailing a viable solution to the problem. 'Bitcoin: A Peer to Peer Electronic Cash System' outlined a system which was fully peer to peer (i.e. it had no central point of failure). Traditionally, a central authority had been required to ensure that the unit of e-cash was not 'double-spent'.bitcoin course проверить bitcoin tails bitcoin bitcoin clock ethereum валюта code bitcoin
bitcoin cap исходники bitcoin deep bitcoin bitcoin count bitcoin основы tether clockworkmod monero proxy удвоить bitcoin bitcoin flapper monero калькулятор индекс bitcoin терминалы bitcoin подарю bitcoin bitcoin hardfork tether bootstrap
daily bitcoin all cryptocurrency coinder bitcoin ethereum видеокарты
bitcoin x2
bitcoin казахстан iso bitcoin bitcoin банк tether кошелек captcha bitcoin token ethereum бесплатный bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin график bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin ставки
bitcoin office bitcoin vpn coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin презентация instant bitcoin bitcoin debian goldmine bitcoin bitcoin торрент bitcoin monkey удвоитель bitcoin bitcoin покер bitcoin ocean bitcoin game капитализация bitcoin bitcoin registration игра bitcoin форум bitcoin bitcoin ключи asus bitcoin bitcoin home bitcoin analysis crococoin bitcoin
ann bitcoin monero dwarfpool Earning, Mining, Or Staking CryptocurrencyBlockchain is a list of records or 'blocks' that stores data publicly and in chronological order. The data—the records within these blocks—are secured using cryptography and don’t have a central authority controlling them. Everyone within the network has access to these blocks and has copies of it; but once something is recorded into the blockchain, the data cannot be altered. Therefore, the very transparency of the blockchain ensures its security. While some argue that the technology is still in a hype cycle, other research indicates that Blockchain is starting to take off in businesses. According to IDC, corporate and government spending on Blockchain technology is expected to jump 89% percent over 2018 numbers, hitting almost $3 billion in 2019. This number is estimated to reach more than $12 billion by 2022, which means there will be plenty of demand for blockchain experts. Let’s look a how blockchain is already showing up in a few industries.bitcoin formula Economicsконтракты ethereum bitcoin монета bitcoin like
пример bitcoin source bitcoin monero logo 6000 bitcoin gain bitcoin ethereum coin bitcoin kurs bitcoin flip bitcoin purse bitcoin шахта bitcoin euro bitcoin прогнозы обменники bitcoin bitcoin ads
forum ethereum accept bitcoin bitcoin scrypt bag bitcoin портал bitcoin widget bitcoin майн ethereum circle bitcoin
видеокарта bitcoin bitcoin проверить blogspot bitcoin bitcoin matrix bitcoin co график monero ethereum asic machine bitcoin bitcoin telegram виджет bitcoin short bitcoin monero nvidia bitcoin script bitcoin fork
bitcoin fan bitcoin red mine ethereum ethereum blockchain little bitcoin bitcoin monero tradingview bitcoin testnet bitcoin
bitcoin кошелька ethereum rub мавроди bitcoin
ethereum blockchain bitcoin tools
bitcoin shops trading bitcoin bitcoin unlimited bitcoin server
cudaminer bitcoin пример bitcoin escrow bitcoin bitcoin путин bitcoin pps bitcoin окупаемость x2 bitcoin forecast bitcoin зарабатываем bitcoin фермы bitcoin bitcoin ether bitcoin purse биржа bitcoin bitcoin sec обменник monero
майнер bitcoin bitcoin script bitcoin скачать курс bitcoin mine ethereum bitcoin suisse
график monero майнеры bitcoin ethereum calc bittorrent bitcoin lite bitcoin ethereum io top tether bitcoin grant bitcoin blog оборот bitcoin
bitcoin favicon трейдинг bitcoin monero обменять bitcoin рынок blake bitcoin tether iphone
bitcoin сегодня bitcoin poker bitcoin hyip bitcoin fan bitcoin получить криптовалюты ethereum bank bitcoin monero nvidia monero график cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin ставки monero dwarfpool best cryptocurrency ethereum pools monero cryptonight продать monero ethereum vk monero пулы monero client bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin pools ethereum raiden cardano cryptocurrency monero dwarfpool javascript bitcoin The problem inherent to many systems operated by humans is that the rules of the system may be applied arbitrarily or may be subject to change at someone else’s whim. This results in systems being less reliable.local ethereum bitcoin red '…the void is everywhere and it moves around; it can stand for one truth when you write a number a certain way — no tens, for example — and another kind of truth in another case, say when you have no thousands in a number!'spend money and you can spend credit. And when credit goes down, you better put money into the system so you can have the same level of spending. That’s what they did through the financial system (referencing QE in response to the past crisis) and that thing worked.'blogspot bitcoin bitcoin roll почему bitcoin
bitcoin com bitcoin вконтакте seed bitcoin
bio bitcoin bitcoin ферма linux bitcoin all bitcoin neteller bitcoin сша bitcoin bitcoin проблемы цена ethereum bitcoin armory торги bitcoin frontier ethereum
bitcoin tails trezor ethereum mikrotik bitcoin ethereum токены
wikileaks bitcoin ethereum кран From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaapp bitcoin
email bitcoin The key distinction is that, though forex exchanges might be decentralized, the currencies themselves are backed by central banks in the countries that issue them. It's the job of those banks to stabilize the value of their currencies and keep them stable.abi ethereum SupportPrivate keysrise cryptocurrency ethereum pools виталик ethereum monero pro bitcoin payment верификация tether field bitcoin bitcoin ротатор
ico cryptocurrency bitcoin таблица pixel bitcoin ethereum supernova parity ethereum bitcoin crypto ethereum node ethereum пул bux bitcoin best bitcoin bitcoin base ethereum эфир китай bitcoin новости monero
новые bitcoin fields bitcoin bitcoin компьютер bitcoin обсуждение x2 bitcoin bitcoin official bitcoin lite mikrotik bitcoin
bitcoin convert invest bitcoin bitcoin proxy map bitcoin биржи ethereum
bitcoin generate data bitcoin bitcoin airbit оборот bitcoin tether курс bitcoin green ethereum ico bitcoin лопнет monero asic bitcoin waves lightning bitcoin
bitcoin рубль All transactions, including the coinbase transaction, are encoded into blocks in binary raw transaction format.ethereum проект эпоха ethereum zcash bitcoin статистика bitcoin fpga ethereum
space bitcoin multiply bitcoin bitcoin mainer bitcoin usd moon bitcoin rise cryptocurrency bitcoin взлом new bitcoin bitcoin options
шахта bitcoin
masternode bitcoin reddit bitcoin яндекс bitcoin bitcoin trojan bitcoin download bitcoin ключи bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin cnbc ethereum ann bitcoin location программа bitcoin эфир bitcoin
moon bitcoin search bitcoin bitcoin nvidia bitcoin презентация обзор bitcoin
cubits bitcoin ethereum client bitcoin gadget purchase bitcoin
dance bitcoin bitcoin win падение bitcoin отзыв bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama
Dismissal of Bitcoin because of its costs, while ignoring its benefits, is a dishonest argument. In fact, any environmental argument of this type is dishonest, not just pertaining to Bitcoin. Along similar lines, it could be argued that wind turbines are bad for the environment because making the steel structure consumes energy.equihash bitcoin
bitcoin airbit paidbooks bitcoin bitcoin брокеры кости bitcoin bitcoin отзывы pool bitcoin создатель ethereum cryptocurrency ethereum дешевеет bitcoin fenix bitcoin location bitcoin ico cryptocurrency ethereum настройка bitcoin стратегия bitcoin партнерка register bitcoin cryptocurrency wallets яндекс bitcoin blockchain bitcoin bitcoin monkey ферма bitcoin bitcoin pattern bitcoin club ethereum платформа keystore ethereum bitcoin de all bitcoin bitcoin index Updated on August 25, 2019clicker bitcoin The Most Trending Findingslocal ethereum Right now, there’s already a lot of optimism backed in; bitcoins and other major cryptocurrencies are extremely expensive compared to their estimated current usage. Investors are assuming that they will achieve widespread adoption and are paying up accordingly. That means investors should apply considerable caution.monero новости capitalization cryptocurrency bitcoin лотереи bitcoin php ethereum кошелька trade cryptocurrency
bitcoin скрипт data bitcoin
planet bitcoin aml bitcoin
swarm ethereum bitcoin make сколько bitcoin системе bitcoin bitcoin market bitcoin стоимость youtube bitcoin ethereum 1070 proxy bitcoin
bitcoin scripting bitcoin порт
проверка bitcoin майнинга bitcoin locals bitcoin tether курс ethereum форк bitcoin invest bitcoin xapo фонд ethereum bitcoin word zona bitcoin график bitcoin ethereum twitter рост bitcoin bitcoin roulette bitcoin хайпы bitcoin daily bitcoin compare системе bitcoin платформ ethereum ethereum chaindata bitcoin base bitcoin instaforex magic bitcoin bitcoin passphrase wmz bitcoin bitcoin checker bitcoin заработок
hack bitcoin bitcoin ixbt testnet ethereum up bitcoin us bitcoin bitcoin 3 bitcoin количество bitcoin airbitclub bitcoin cc bitcoin hd bcc bitcoin bitcoin journal Banksbitcoin fpga
